Presidents of the United States (Presence in Region)

Essay

Presidents of the United States, seeing Philadelphia as the city most connected to American independence, often have turned to the city and region to campaign, advance their agendas, and commemorate the past. In the city where the nation’s first two presidents established the executive branch of government, presidential legacies have spurred commemoration as well as controversy.

President John F. Kennedy in front of Independence Hall delivering a July 4th address.
On July 4, 1962, President John F. Kennedy addressed a crowd at Independence Hall and tied the ideals of the Declaration of Independence to the Cold War. (PhillyHistory.org)

Philadelphia’s long association with the presidency began after the Residence Act of 1790 placed the federal government in the city for ten years, while work began on a new capital city on the Potomac River. Presidents George Washington (1732-99) and John Adams (1735-1826) resided and instituted the executive branch of government in a house at Sixth and Market Streets rented from financier Robert Morris (1734-1806).

From the President’s House, Washington oversaw construction of the new capital and declined Philadelphians’ generous offer of a new, large presidential residence built on Ninth Street between Market and Chestnut. (Twice, during the yellow fever epidemic of 1793 and the hot summer of 1794, Washington opted for Germantown.) Guided by the U.S. Constitution drafted in Philadelphia in 1787, Washington established the role of the presidency. In 1792, for example, after conferring with his cabinet, Washington vetoed a bill (concerning apportionment of House seats) for the first time. One achievement was the 1795 ratification of the Jay Treaty, an attempt to settle lingering conflicts with Great Britain. Debates over the extent of the federal government’s powers led to the formation of political parties and contributed to Washington’s decision to step down after two terms, setting another precedent that lasted into the twenty-first century.

On March 4, 1797, John Adams took the oath of office in Congress Hall, becoming the first president sworn in by the chief justice. The peaceful transfer of power to another administration was especially significant for the young republic. Adams had to negotiate the ongoing development of the country’s first political parties, the Federalists (with which Adams identified), and the Democratic-Republicans, an opposition party led by Vice President Thomas Jefferson (1743-1826). Adams also confronted foreign policy problems with France, including the Quasi-War in 1798.

When Philadelphians received the news of George Washington’s death in 1799, the city joined Congress in formally mourning the founding father on December 26. A procession began at Congress Hall and led to Zion Lutheran Church, Fourth and Cherry Streets, for a service attended by Adams and conducted by Bishop William White (1748-1836).

Presidential Visits and Sites of Mourning

The departure of the federal government from Philadelphia to its permanent location in Washington, D.C., in 1800 did not sever the city’s connection to presidents. Philadelphia’s role as the birthplace of independence and the American government continued to draw attention from presidents who visited the sites associated with this history and invoked the nation’s founding documents in their speeches.

The first presidential visit came in 1817, only months after President James Monroe (1758-1831) took office and embarked on a goodwill tour of each state. A large crowd welcomed Monroe to Philadelphia on June 5. He addressed the veterans of the Pennsylvania Society of the Cincinnati and stopped at sites throughout the city, including Peale’s Museum, the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts, and the Pennsylvania Hospital.

Presidents generally saw enormous, raucous crowds during official visits, particularly in the first part of the nineteenth century. This era witnessed a growing participation in politics, with the public drawn in particular to populist leaders who spoke out against the elite. One such figure, Andrew Jackson (1767-1845), appeared before thirty thousand at the Navy Yard on June 8, 1833. The following day, a mob poured into First Presbyterian Church, where Jackson attended services. The president visited Independence Hall on June 10, a year to the day after he vetoed the renewal of the charter for the Second Bank of the United States, located one block away on Chestnut Street. The mayor intended to host a small reception at Independence Hall, but crowds of uninvited guests eager to see Old Hickory broke in and quickly overcrowded the first floor. Some had to flee the onrush through windows.

The city hosted two memorials for deceased presidents. In 1848, John Quincy Adams (1767-1848) lay in state in Independence Hall, the first president to have the honor. Adams had served in the House of Representatives since 1831, the only person to do so after his presidency. Philadelphians paid respects to “Old Man Eloquent” as his remains were taken from Washington to Massachusetts for burial.

The only other president to lie in state at Independence Hall was Abraham Lincoln (1809-65). As president-elect in 1861, Lincoln passed through Philadelphia on his way his inauguration in Washington, D.C., and participated in the city’s celebration of Washington’s Birthday on February 22. He raised the flag over Independence Hall and spoke of Philadelphia as the birthplace of the Union. The thirty-four-star flag reflected the recent admission of Kansas after years of debates over slavery in the territories.

President Lincoln's funeral carriage moving down a crowded Broad street in 1865.
President Lincoln’s body arrived in Philadelphia on April 22, 1865. The funeral car is shown here passing mourners on Broad Street. (Library of Congress)

During the Civil War, Lincoln returned to the city to visit the Great Central Fair, a fund-raiser for the U.S. Sanitary Commission at Logan Square. Lincoln arrived on June 16, 1864, a day declared a local holiday. Less than one year later, Philadelphians assembled for Lincoln again, but in mourning. A train bearing Lincoln’s remains, en route to Illinois for his burial, arrived in Philadelphia on April 22, 1865. Mourners draped black bunting throughout the city and watched the funeral procession from rooftops. Ticketed guests paid respects to the slain president in Independence Hall that night, and the public viewing followed the next day. Crowds gathered as early as 4:30 in the morning; the doors opened at 6 a.m. An estimated 85,000 passed by Lincoln’s casket.

When a reunited nation celebrated the one hundredth anniversary of the Declaration of Independence in 1876, the Centennial Exhibition brought President Ulysses S. Grant (1822-85) to Philadelphia. Together with Brazilian Emperor Don Pedro II (1825-91) and a number of European princes, Grant attended the opening festivities on May 10 and turned on the massive Corliss steam engine that ran the hundreds of machines on display. The technology displayed and the visit of Don Pedro (the first reigning monarch to visit the United States) captured the imagination of visitors, while the exhibition of George Washington’s uniform, camp set, and household items harkened back to an earlier, different, era.

The political activities of Philadelphia merchant John Wanamaker (1838-1922) led to another notable presidential visit. Wanamaker, who served as postmaster general under Benjamin Harrison (1833-1901), remained active in the Republican Party. He campaigned for William Howard Taft (1857-1930) and ultimately developed a friendship with the president. On December 30, 1911, Taft repaid Wanamaker’s service by dedicating the new Wanamaker Building at Thirteenth and Market Streets, the first time in history that a president dedicated a department store.

President Woodrow Wilson delivering a speech at Independence Hall in 1919.
President Woodrow Wilson visited Independence Hall on July 4, 1919, not long after he had signed the Nineteenth Amendment to the Constitution, granting women the right to vote. (PhillyHistory.org)

The nation’s birthday often served as an occasion for presidential visits and speeches referencing self-government and the freedom forged by the founders. In this tradition, President Woodrow Wilson (1856-1924) spoke at Independence Hall on July 4, 1914. This was Wilson’s second visit to the city in less than a year; the president also spoke at the rededication of Congress Hall on October 25, 1913. Both addresses called upon Americans to embrace the principles of the Founding Fathers, particularly the former speech, which focused on the idea of liberty. President Calvin Coolidge (1872-1933) participated in the 1926 festivities, which included a speech at Independence Hall and a visit to the Sesquicentennial Exposition. On July 4, 1962, President John F. Kennedy (1917-63) addressed a crowd at Independence Hall and tied the ideals of the Declaration of Independence to the Cold War, discussing American leadership in the fight for independence in nations under Communist control. Gerald Ford (1913-2006) and George W. Bush (b. 1946) were among the presidents who took part in July 4 events at Independence Hall.

Ceremonial occasions were not the only times that presidents used language linking the present with the Revolutionary War era. For example, President Richard Nixon (1913-94) used Independence Hall as a backdrop to unveil his program for federal revenue sharing on October 20, 1972, claiming it presented an extension of principles established by the Founding Fathers.

The Campaign Trail

Philadelphia’s role in hosting political conventions also brought presidents—and potential presidents—to the city. From the Whig Party convention in 1848, which nominated Zachary Taylor (1784-1850), through the 2016 Democratic National Convention, twelve national party conventions convened in Philadelphia.

President Ford visiting the Italian Market in 1972.
President Gerald Ford visited Philadelphia in 1976, before a televised debate against Jimmy Carter at the Walnut Street Theatre. Here, Ford was visiting the Italian Market, where he tossed a watermelon. (Library of Congress)

One of the most publicized of these events was the 1936 Democratic convention, which nominated Franklin D. Roosevelt (1882-1945) for a second term. In his acceptance speech, broadcast nationwide by radio, Roosevelt drew parallels between the American Revolution and his New Deal domestic programs, comparing concentrated wealth to the tyranny of British rule. Aware of the political situation in Europe, the president outlined the importance of American democracy as a counter to the rise of dictatorships in Europe. In 1948, the Republicans, Democrats, and the Progressives all held conventions in the city. That year, the Philadelphia Chapter of Americans for Democratic Action had a hand in crafting a strong civil rights platform for the Democrats, which led to a walkout of southern delegates.

The 1930s saw Pennsylvania shift from a Republican stronghold to a battleground state during presidential elections, largely because of the Great Depression. As Philadelphia also began to shift from a bastion of Republicanism to a solidly Democratic city, the city attracted numerous important campaign visits. Before losing the 1932 election to Roosevelt, Herbert Hoover (1874-1964) campaigned at Reyburn Plaza with an estimated one hundred thousand in attendance. In the 1960 campaign, both John F. Kennedy and Richard Nixon blitzed the state. Later, Barack Obama (b. 1961) delivered a major address on race and American culture at the National Constitution Center in the 2008 campaign. In the twenty-first century, Philadelphia remained an important campaign stop.

Regional Ties

Presidential interest and influence in the region extended beyond Philadelphia. Two presidents had connections to Gettysburg, about 140 miles west of the city. Abraham Lincoln delivered his immortal Gettysburg Address there on November 19, 1863, and Dwight D. Eisenhower purchased a farm near the battlefield in 1950. Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev (1894-1971) visited the Eisenhower farm on a state visit in 1959; the president presented the Soviet leader with a bull. James Buchanan (1791-1868) lived in nearby Lancaster, purchasing Wheatland, an estate a mile from the town, in 1848 near the end of his tenure as secretary of state. Wheatland witnessed lobbying by office seekers after Buchanan’s election in 1856, several visits from Buchanan in the ensuing years, and the fifteenth president’s retirement. Woodrow Wilson served as president of Princeton University from 1902 to 1910, the culmination of his career as an academic political scientist, and as governor of New Jersey from 1911 to 1913, his first elected office.

President John and Reverend Leon Sullivan entering the Opportunities Industrialization Center in 1967.
President Lyndon Johnson visits the Philadelphia Opportunities Industrialization Center in 1967. (PhillyHistory.org)

Presidents have also found rest and relaxation in the region. Starting with Ulysses Grant in 1874, Atlantic City became a destination for vacationing chief executives. City officials were grateful for the national attention that accompanied these dignitaries. Harry Truman (1884-1972) and Dwight Eisenhower (1890-1969) enjoyed golfing at Stockton Seaview Hotel and Golf Club. For others, like John F. Kennedy, the city was a campaign stop. His successor, Lyndon B. Johnson (1908-73) was nominated for a full term at the Democratic National Convention in Atlantic City in 1964, though the event brought attention to the city’s then-seedy accommodations. In all, sixteen presidents stayed in Atlantic City before, during, or after their time in office.

Lyndon Johnson returned to New Jersey in 1967 for the Glassboro Summit. On June 23-25, Johnson met with Soviet Premier Alexei Kosygin (1904-80) on the campus of Glassboro State College (later renamed Rowan University). Though the summit yielded little diplomatically, both sides were amicable and their meeting somewhat calmed Cold War tensions, at least temporarily.

Legacies and Controversies

The presidential presence in Philadelphia has been commemorated in many tangible ways. Plaques in the ground near Independence Hall marked the speeches made there by Lincoln and Kennedy. At the Wanamaker Building (Macy’s), an inscription in the floor marked where Taft stood to dedicate the building. Philadelphians placed a monument to Lincoln in Fairmount Park in 1871, and the Society of Cincinnati added a Washington monument in 1897 (moved in 1928 to the newly completed Benjamin Franklin Parkway). During the 1890s, the Fairmount Park Art Association also commissioned monuments to James Garfield (1831-81) and Ulysses S. Grant. Elsewhere in the city, a monument placed City Hall in 1908 honored William McKinley (1843-1901), and a state historical marker erected on Fourth Street in 1999 recalled the national mourning of Washington two centuries before. Several streets, including John F. Kennedy Boulevard and Theodore Roosevelt Memorial Boulevard, also have been named for presidents.

President Kennedy and Philadelphia Mayor Tate touching the Liberty Bell.
President John F. Kennedy and Mayor James Tate touch the Liberty Bell, which became a frequently used symbol of American unity and strength during the Cold War. (PhillyHistory.org)

Philadelphia’s association with the early presidency forcibly came to public attention in the first decade of the twenty-first century in connection with the site of the President’s House occupied by Washington and Adams during the 1790s, which in the twentieth century became part of Independence National Historical Park. In 2002, research by independent historian Edward Lawler Jr. documented the history of the long-demolished house and outbuildings, including the presence of slaves brought from Mount Vernon to serve the Washington household. The findings made the public aware that Washington circumvented the 1780 Pennsylvania gradual abolition law by rotating the slaves between Mount Vernon and Philadelphia. This information, and knowledge of the presence of slavery only feet away from where a new Liberty Bell Center was to be built (it opened in 2003), led numerous interest groups to lobby for a commemoration of the President’s House that would recognize slavery. The result, an outdoor exhibit titled “The President’s House: Freedom and Slavery in the Making of a New Nation,” opened on December 15, 2010.

Controversy over a president’s legacy also erupted in 2015 at Princeton University, where Woodrow Wilson served as president. A group of Princeton students asked the university to remove Wilson’s name from its campus, including the Woodrow Wilson School of Public Policy and International Affairs, because of Wilson’s attitudes on race—for example, his actions in segregating the federal workforce. The university examined Wilson’s legacy and decided in April 2016 that the president’s name would remain. Princeton’s board of trustees called for a balance of recognizing not only Wilson’s successes but also his failures.

In the aftermath of these controversies, Philadelphia continued to play an important role in remembering key moments in the executive branch’s history, from its beginnings with the ratification of the Constitution and Washington’s two terms through visits by modern presidents like George W. Bush, who received the Republican nomination at the 2000 convention held in Philadelphia, and Barack Obama. In the twenty-first century, the rich history of the region continued to attract the country’s leaders, and Pennsylvania’s status as a battleground state assured further campaigning by candidates for the presidency.

Andrew Tremel is an independent researcher and public historian at the U.S. Capitol Visitor Center. (Author information current at time of publication.)

Copyright 2016, Rutgers University.

Gallery

President's House at Ninth Street

Library Company of Pennsylvania

The country's first two presidents lived in a rented house near Independence Hall, but in the 1790s Philadelphia built a mansion nearby in the hopes that such accommodations might help prolong the city's ten-year term as U.S. capital while Washington, D.C., was being established.

The Executive Mansion, as it was called, or the home intended for the president, is shown here in a colored print, a collaborative representation made by William Russell Birch and his son, Thomas. Thomas would paint in watercolor for Birch or his engraver, Samuel Seymour, to transfer.

The building was constructed between 1792 and 1797, but never housed a president. The University of Pennsylvania later purchased the building. Birch included views of the Alms House and House of Employment in the distance behind the Executive Mansion.

Commemorating Lincoln's 1861 Visit

President-elect Abraham Lincoln gave a speech in Philadelphia on February 21, 1861, an oration noted in this plaque outside a building on Chestnut Street at Ninth, the site in 1861 of the Continental Hotel. He was on his way to his inauguration in Washington, D.C., and he took part in the city’s celebration of Washington’s birthday.

From a hotel balcony, Lincoln did what presidents before and since have done while visiting Philadelphia, invoking the values embraced in the city during the country's formative years, particularly the debates that led to the Declaration of Independence and the U.S. Constitution.

He also employed a spurt of political rhetoric when he said:

"May my right hand forget its cunning and my tongue cleave to the roof of my mouth if ever I prove false to those teachings."

The plaque was erected in 1961 to help observe the one-hundredth anniversary the Civil War. When it was installed, the building was the Benjamin Franklin Hotel, which later was converted to apartments known as Franklin Residences in 2016 when this photograph was taken. (Photograph by Donald D. Groff for The Encyclopedia of Greater Philadelphia)

President Abraham Lincoln's Funeral Carriage, 1865

Library of Congress

During the Civil War, President Abraham Lincoln came to Philadelphia to visit the Great Central Fair, a fund-raiser for the U.S. Sanitary Commission at Logan Square. Lincoln arrived on June 16, 1864, a day declared a local holiday. Less than one year later, Philadelphians assembled for Lincoln again, but in mourning.

After his assassination, Lincoln’s remains were taken on a tour from Washington, D.C., to his final resting place in Springfield, Illinois. Lincoln’s body arrived in Philadelphia on April 22, 1865. Mourners draped black bunting throughout the city and watched the funeral procession from rooftops. The funeral car, shown here passing mourners on Broad Street, was built on a fourteen-foot hearse body and draped in black cloth. At Independence Hall that night, ticketed guests paid respects to the president, and the public viewing followed the next day. The crowds for the public viewing gathered as early as 4:30 in the morning to await the doors opening at 6. An estimated 85,000 passed by Lincoln’s casket.

Woodrow Wilson at Independence Hall, 1919

PhillyHistory.org

The nation’s birthday often served as an occasion for presidential visits and speeches referencing self-government and the freedom forged by the founders. In this tradition, President Woodrow Wilson spoke at Independence Hall on July 4, 1914. This was Wilson’s second visit to the city in less than a year; the president also spoke at the rededication of Congress Hall on October 25, 1913. Both addresses called upon Americans to embrace the principles of the Founding Fathers.

Here, Wilson again visits Independence Hall on July 4, 1919, having recently signed the Nineteenth Amendment to the Constitution, granting women the right to vote. He also had been at work negotiating peace following World War I. On July 10, 1919, Wilson submitted the Treaty of Versailles and the League of Nations to the Senate for ratification. Unfortunately for Wilson, that autumn, on November 19, the Treaty of Versailles failed to gain Senate ratification.

John F. Kennedy Delivering an Independence Day Address, 1962

PhillyHistory.org

On July 4, 1962, President John F. Kennedy addressed a crowd at Independence Hall and tied the ideals of the Declaration of Independence to the Cold War, discussing American leadership in the fight for independence in nations under Communist control.

Kennedy ended his speech with the statement “On this fourth day of July, 1962, we who are gathered at this same hall, entrusted with the fate and future of our States and Nation, declare now our vow to do our part to lift the weights from the shoulders of all, to join other men and nations in preserving both peace and freedom, and to regard any threat to the peace or freedom of one as a threat to the peace and freedom of all. And for the support of this Declaration, with a firm reliance on the protection of Divine Providence, we mutually pledge to each other our lives, our fortunes and our sacred honor.”

President John F. Kennedy and Philadelphia Mayor James Tate at Independence Hall, 1962

PhillyHistory.org

During President John F. Kennedy’s visit to Philadelphia on July 4, 1962, he and Mayor James Tate explored Independence Hall. The president and mayor are shown here touching the Liberty Bell, which was located in Independence Hall until 1976. The Liberty Bell became a frequently used symbol of American unity and strength during the Cold War.

President Lyndon Johnson Visits the Philadelphia Opportunities Industrialization Center, 1967

PhillyHistory.org

In the 1960s, after leading protest campaigns to expose discriminatory hiring and open thousands of jobs to African Americans, the Reverend Leon Sullivan founded the Opportunities Industrialization Center (OIC), a vocational, educational, and life skills training program designed to prepare young men and women for full-time employment. Moving beyond protest to address the barriers of poverty and oppression, the OIC quickly expanded into all corners of the city and ultimately grew into a national and international movement that trained millions of workers of all racial and ethnic backgrounds.

In 1964, President Lyndon B. Johnson was nominated for a full term at the Democratic National Convention in Atlantic City. Following his successful campaign, in the summer of 1965 the OIC won Johnson’s support as part of his War on Poverty and a received a $1.7 million grant from the Office of Economic Opportunity. In 1967, the president (center with his arm raised) and his wife, Lady Bird Johnson, visited the Philadelphia Opportunities Industrialization Center to tour the facility with the Reverend Sullivan (to the right of the president).

President Nixon Signing the 1972 Revenue Sharing Bill

PhillyHistory.org

President Richard Nixon used Independence Hall as a backdrop to unveil his program for federal revenue sharing on October 20, 1972, declaring that it presented an extension of principles established by the Founding Fathers.

The Revenue Sharing Bill established a federal program in which the government collected taxes that were divided and shared between state and local governments, who were deemed to be more effective at identifying the daily needs of their citizens and how the funds should be spent. Revenue sharing lasted from 1972 to 1986 and was estimated to have provided a total of $85 billion to American communities. The program ended under the Reagan administration in part because of mounting federal debt as well as the political turn toward limiting the federal government’s role in states’ funding.

President Gerald Ford at the Italian Market, 1976

Library of Congress

Following the resignation of Vice President Spiro Agnew in 1973, Gerald Ford was nominated to the vice presidency and was confirmed on November 27, 1973. On August, 9, 1974, then President Richard Nixon resigned, propelling Ford into the presidency, where he became the first president who had not been voted into either the vice presidency or the presidency. As Ford finished Nixon’s term in 1976, he also became the Republican Party's candidate for the next term. Ford and his opponent in the 1976 election, then Georgia Governor Jimmy Carter, held the first of three debates in Philadelphia at the Walnut Street Theatre.

The debate held on September 23, 1976, was the first between the two major parties since the Kennedy-Nixon debates in 1960. As had many presidents and presidential candidates before, President Ford visited Philadelphia in the days before the debate, taking in sites and giving speeches. Ford, who had a reputation as a good-humored president, is shown here in the Italian Market, tossing a watermelon.

President Obama in Germantown (2010)

Many presidents have visited Philadelphia to take advantage of its symbolism as the country's birthplace. But in the late twentieth and early twenty-first centuries, presidents also came to town for purely political reasons.

Here, President Barack Obama speaks to supporters during a get-out-the-vote rally in the Germantown section of Philadelphia on October 10, 2010.

When Obama was first elected in 2008, part of the momentum for his victory was credited to heavy voter turnout and support in Philadelphia, particularly among the city's African American voters.

As Election Day approached in 2010, Democrats feared a drop in voter turnout in support of their party, as it was a midterm election year and the recession that began in 2008 had left many voters disgruntled.

On this day the president urged people at the rally to vote in the November election, and to urge their friends to vote. The Democratic fears were well-founded: when the votes were counted, the party had suffered significant losses in national and local elections. (Photograph by Donald D. Groff for The Encyclopedia of Greater Philadelphia)

President Roosevelt After the Dedication of Central High School, 1902

Library of Congress

President Theodore Roosevelt and several members of his cabinet visited Philadelphia on November 22, 1902, to help dedicate the new Central High School at Broad and Green Streets. Roosevelt initially spoke in the school’s assembly hall to an audience of mostly city officials, faculty, and alumni and followed this with a speech from the balcony of the building to the students. This photograph from the visit shows Roosevelt and another man being driven in a carriage with U.S. Secret Service agent Frank Tyree, at far right, partly obscured by the carriage driver.

Related Topics

Themes

Time Periods

Locations

Essays

Artifacts

Related Reading

Aden, Roger C. Upon the Ruins of Liberty: Slavery, the President’s House, at Independence National Historical Park, and Public Memory. Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 2015.

George Jr., Joseph. “Philadelphians Meet Their President-Elect—1861,” in Pennsylvania History: A Journal of Mid-Atlantic Studies, 29, no. 4 (October 1962): 381-390.

Lawler, Edward Jr. “The President’s House in Philadelphia: The Rediscovery of a Lost Landmark.” Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography 126 (2002):5-95.

———. “The President’s House Revisited.” Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography 129 (2005):371-410.

Madonna G. Terry, Pivotal Pennsylvania: Presidential Politics from FDR to the Twenty-First Century. Mansfield, Pa.: Pennsylvania Historical Association, 2008.

Mires, Charlene. Independence Hall in American Memory. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2002.

Nash, Gary B. First City: Philadelphia and the Forging of Historical Memory. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2002.

———. The Liberty Bell. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2010.

Unger, Harlow Giles. The Last Founding Father: James Monroe and a Nation’s Call to Greatness. Philadelphia: DaCapo Press, 2009.

Weigley, Russell F., ed. Philadelphia: A 300-Year History. New York: W.W. Norton, 1982.

Related Collections

Abraham Lincoln Collection, 1848-1893, Historical Society of Pennsylvania, 1300 Locust Street, Philadelphia.

Independence National Historical Park Library and Archives, Merchants Exchange Building, Third and Walnut Streets, Philadelphia.

James Buchanan Papers, Historical Society of Pennsylvania, 1300 Locust Street, Philadelphia.

Related Places

Statue of William McKinley, City Hall, South Plaza, Philadelphia.

President’s House Site, Independence National Historical Park, Sixth and Market Streets, Philadelphia.

Independence Hall, Independence National Historical Park, 520 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia.

“National Funeral for George Washington” Historical Marker, Fourth and Cherry Streets, Philadelphia.

Washington Square, Walnut Street between Sixth and Seventh Streets. Statue of George Washington.

Wanamaker Building (Macy’s), 1301 Market Street, Philadelphia

Logan Circle (site of Great Central Fair), Nineteenth Street and Benjamin Franklin Parkway, Philadelphia.

Fairmount Park (site of Centennial Exhibition), Philadelphia. The park’s monuments include tributes to George Washington, Abraham Lincoln, Ulysses S. Grant, and James Garfield.

Franklin D. Roosevelt Park (site of Sesquicentennial Exposition), Pattison Avenue and South Broad Street, Philadelphia.

Eisenhower National Historical Site, Gettysburg, Pa.

Wheatland, 1120 Marietta Avenue, Lancaster, Pa.

Hollybush (the Whitney Mansion), Rowan University, Glassboro, Pa.

Princeton University, Princeton, N.J.

Backgrounders

Links

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